Description (task duration: 15 minutes):

• Participants are presented with a set of geometric patterns that have a sequential structure with one piece missing. At the same time, they are also presented with an array of 6 or 8 geometric shape options. Participants must determine which pattern out of these 6 or 8 options is required to complete the visual pattern set.
• • The problems are divided into 4 blocks. In the first two blocks, subjects chose the correct pattern out of 6 options; in the last two blocks, subjects choose the correct pattern out of 8 options. Within a block, problems are arranged by increasing difficulty, with problems 1 and 2 being the easiest, problems 3 and 4 being moderately difficult, and problems 5 and 6 the most difficult.
• Participants are given 15 minutes to complete 24 problems. We note that this is a modification of the original Raven’s Matrices, which has a larger pattern set.

Primary Reference:

Raven, J., Raven, J. C., & Court, J. H. (1998a). Manual for Raven’s Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. Section 1: General Overview. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.

Description (task duration: 14 minutes):

• Subjects are presented with 5 sets of letters; each set is made up of 4 letters. 3 of the sets of letters are alike in some way, while the fourth set of letters does not follow the same rule. Subjects are asked to determine which set of letters does not follow the same rule as the other 3 sets of letters. Subjects are instructed to mark a line through the set of letters that does not follow the same rule as the other 3 sets of letters.
• Participants have a total of 14 minutes to complete 30 problems.  The task is presented in 2 parts each part lasting 7 minutes with 15 problems to complete.
• Higher scores indicate better reasoning ability.

Primary Reference:

Ekstrom, R. B., French, J. W., Harman, H., & Derman, D. (1976). Kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests (rev. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.

Description (task duration: approximately 15 minutes):

• Stockings of Cambridge is a computerized version of Tower of London (Shallice 1982) in which participants are shown a split screen with two displays each containing three colored balls.
• Task Phase: The balls are arranged in such a way that they look like they are stacked in stockings hanging from a beam. Participants must move the balls in the bottom arrangement one at a time in order to match the top arrangement in as few moves as possible.
• Motor Phase: The balls are arranged in the same way as in the task phase, but now the top arrangement and the bottom arrangement begin identical. The computer will automatically move a ball in the top arrangement. The participant should copy the same movement on the bottom arrangement, moving the same-colored ball to the same position the computer moved the ball in the top arrangement.
• Practice Phase: Subjects are given 8 1 or 2-move practice problems, which are not included in the overall score.
• Stockings of Cambridge is completed in 4 blocks. It starts with the task phase, which is followed by the motor phase. This sequence is then repeated with a slight increase in difficulty. In the first task phase subjects see 2, 3 and 4-move problems twice each. In the second task phase subjects see 4-move problems twice, and 5-move problems four times. There is a total of 12 scored items.

Primary Reference:

Robbins, T.W., James, M., Owen, A.M., Sahakian, B.J., McInnes, L., Rabbitt, P. (1994). Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB): A factor analytic study of a large sample of normal elderly volunteers. Dementia, 5, 266-281. https://doi.org/10.1159/000106735

Software Reference:

CANTAB Eclipse (2007) http://www.cambridgecognition.com/academic/cantabsuite/tests

Description (task duration: approximately 30 minutes):

• Participants are asked to read things taken from things people think are important, such as labels, credit applications and bus schedules, and answer questions based on them.
• This test has 42 questions and is not timed.

Primary Reference:

Willis, S. L., & Marsiske, M. (1993). Manual for the everyday problems test. University Park: Pennsylvania State University.

Reasoning Construct: Key to Names and Data Structure in Data Set

Item Name

Abbreviation

Description

Measurement

Subject Number	S#	Subject identifier
Age Interval	AgeInterval	Age at wave recoded into 3-year intervals	20-100
Sex	Sex	Participant’s biological sex.	m = Male f = Female
Race	Race	Race that the participant self-identifies with.	1 = Asian American/ Pacific Islander 2 = Black/African American 3 = Multiracial 4 = Native American 5 = White/Caucasian 6 = Other 7 = Unknown
Ethnicity	Ethnicity	Ethnicity that the participant self-identifies with.	1=Hispanic/Latin(o/a) 0 = Non-Hispanic
Handedness Score	HandednessScore	Average score of participant hand preference while completing various tasks. Higher scores indicate preference for the right hand.	Score range: 0-4   0 = Always left 1 = Usually left 2 = No preference 3 = Usually right 4 = Always right
Mini-Mental State Exam Total	MMSE	Total # of items answered correctly.	Score range: 0-30
Cognitive Battery Wave 1-2 Interval	CogW1toW2	Interval between cognitive testing day 1 for waves 1-2.	# of Years
Cognitive Battery Wave 2-3 Interval	CogW2toW3	Interval between cognitive testing day 1 for waves 2-3.	# of Years
Cognitive Battery Wave 1-3 Interval	CogW1toW3	Interval between cognitive testing day 1 for waves 1-3.	# of Years
Take Home Wave 1-2 Interval	TakeHomeW1toW2	Interval between Take Home for waves 1-2.	# of Years
Take Home Wave 2-3 Interval	TakeHomeW2toW3	Interval between Take Home for waves 2-3.	# of Years
Take Home Wave 1-3 Interval	TakeHomeW1toW3	Interval between Take Home for waves 1-3.	# of Years
MRI Wave 1-2 Interval	MRIW1toW2	Interval between MRI scan for waves 1-2.	# of Years
MRI Wave 2-3 Interval	MRIW2toW3	Interval between MRI scan for waves 2-3.	# of Years
MRI Wave 1-3 Interval	MRIW1toW3	Interval between MRI scan for waves 1-3.	# of Years
Amyloid PET Wave 1-2 Interval	PETAmyW1toW2	Interval between amyloid PET scan for waves 1-2.	# of Years
Amyloid PET Wave 2-3 Interval	PETAmyW2toW3	Interval between amyloid PET scan for waves 2-3.	# of Years
Amyloid PET Wave 1-3 Interval	PETAmyW1toW3	Interval between amyloid PET scan for waves 1-3.	# of Years
Highest Level of Education Completed	EduComp5	This is an ordinal measure of participants’ self-reported highest level of education completed.	1 = Less than high school graduate  2 = High school graduate/GED  3 = Some college/trade/ technical/business school  4 = Bachelor’s degree  5 = Some graduate work  6 = Master’s degree  7 = MD/JD/PhD/other advanced degree
Education Estimated Years Capped	EduYrsEstCap5	This is a conversion of the participant’s self-reported highest level of education into a capped estimated number of years it would take to reach this highest level of education.   The “capped” comes into play when someone spend a longer time than usual for a certain degree but did not complete it. In short, someone with a lot of years of education but did not complete a degree will not score higher than someone who did complete the degree.	11 maximum = Less than High school 12 = High School 15 maximum = Some College 16 = Bachelor’s degree 20 maximum = Some Graduate Work 18 = Master’s degree 21 = MD/JD/PhD/ Advanced degree
Construct Name	ConstructName	Reasoning
Construct Number	ConstructNumber	Construct 5
Wave	Wave	Denotes the data collection wave. See individual differences data set for more detail, including testing date intervals.	1 = Wave 1 2 = Wave 2 3 = Wave 3
Has Data	HasData	1 = Yes, returned for wave; 2 = No, did not return for wave
Number of Tasks in Construct	NumTasks	How many tasks make up the reasoning construct	4 Tasks for Reasoning
Task 20—Ravens Matrices	Task20 (column: AA)	1 = Has data 2 = Task data partial 3 = No task data
Ravens Accuracy Easy	RavenAccE20	Total number of correct items for first 18 Easy problems divided by 18	Score Range: 0-1
Ravens Accuracy Medium	RavenAccM20	Total number of correct items for first 18 Medium problems divided by 18	Score Range: 0-1
Ravens Accuracy Hard	RavenAccH20	Total number of correct items for first 18 Hard problems divided by 18	Score Range: 0-1
Ravens Accuracy All	RavenAccAll20	Total number of correct items for all 24 problems divided by 24	Score Range: 0-1
Ravens Number Correct	RavenNumCor20	Number of correct responses for all 24 problems	Score Range: 0-24
Ravens Time	RavenTime20	Time subjects needed to complete the task	0-15 minutes
Ravens Number Answered	RavenNumAnswer20	Number of problems answered in 15 minutes	Score Range: 0-24
Task 21—ETS Letter Sets	Task21 (column: AI)	1 = Has data 2 = Task data partial 3 = No task data
ETS Letter Sets Part 1	EtsLsP1_21	Total number of correct items for the first 15 Sets	Score Range: 0-15
ETS Letter Sets Part 2	EtsLsP2_21	Total number of correct items for the last 15 Sets	Score Range: 0-15
ETS Letter Sets Total	EtsLsTOTAL21	Total number of correct items for the whole task.	Score Range: 0-30
Task 22—Cantab Stockings of Cambridge	Task22 (column: AM)	1 = Has data 2 = Task data partial 3 = No task data
Cantab Stocking of Cambridge – Number of Problems solved in Minimum Moves	CantabSOCMinMov22	The number of times upon which the subject has successfully completed a test problem in the minimum possible number of moves.	Score Range: 0-12
Cantab Stocking of Cambridge – Mean 2-move problems	CantabSOCMeanMove2_22	The average number of moves the subject made for 2-move problems
Cantab Stocking of Cambridge -Mean 3-move problems	CantabSOCMeanMove3_22	The average number of moves the subject made for 3-move problems
Cantab Stocking of Cambridge – Mean 4-move problems	CantabSOCMeanMove4_22	The average number of moves the subject made for 4-move problems
Cantab Stocking of Cambridge – Mean 5-move problems	CantabSOCMeanMove5_22	The average number of moves the subject made for 5-move problems
Cantab Stocking of Cambridge	CantabSOCIntialTime2_22	Average initial thinking time is the difference in time taken to select the first ball for the same 2-move problems in the task phase vs. the motor phase.
Cantab Stocking of Cambridge	CantabSOCIntialTime3_22	Average initial thinking time is the difference in time taken to select the first ball for the same 3-move problems in the task phase vs. the motor phase.
Cantab Stocking of Cambridge	CantabSOCIntialTime4_22	Average initial thinking time is the difference in time taken to select the first ball for the same 4-move problems in the task phase vs. the motor phase.
Cantab Stocking of Cambridge	CantabSOCIntialTime5_22	Average initial thinking time is the difference in time taken to select the first ball for the same 5-move problems in the task phase vs. the motor phase.
Cantab Stocking of Cambridge	CantabSOCSubsequentTime2_22	The average difference in time between selecting the first ball and completing the 2-move problem for the task vs. motor phase, and then dividing this result by the number of moves made.